KCNET NEWSLETTER
03/18/07  &  03/25/07
TECHNICAL PAGE


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TECH TALK
By KCnet Tech - Roxanne Fryer

These next few Tech Tips are going to consist of a series of information about some of the parts of your computer. Some people have no idea what a processor, memory, or hard drive is, or how they function. Hopefully in these next few weeks we can help you to have a basic understanding of these components of your computer. 

Let's start with the CPU/Microprocessor ……(The Heart) ….of the computer.
The computer you are using to read this page uses a microprocessor to do its work. The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine, a server or a laptop. The microprocessor you are using might be a Pentium, A Celeron, an Athlon, a Sempron, or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors, but they all do approximately the same thing in approximately the same way. 

A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The Central Processing Unit (or CPU) is the part of the computer that actually knows that 2+2=4.  It's the part that does the real work.
Processor speeds are measured in Megahertz or Gigahertz.

Microprocessor Logic
To understand how a microprocessor works, it is helpful to look inside and learn about the logic used to create one. In the process you can also learn about assembly language -- the native language of a microprocessor -- and many of the things that engineers can do to boost the speed of a processor
A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things: 
• Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, ultiplication and division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated operations on large floating point numbers. 
• A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another.
• A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions
There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities.
This is about as simple as a microprocessor gets. This microprocessor has: 
• An address bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that sends an address to memory 
• A data bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory or receive data from memory 
• An RD (read) and WR (write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set or get the addressed location 
• A clock line that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor 
• A reset line that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and restarts execution

Microprocessor Memory
The previous section talked about the address and data buses, as well as the RD and WR lines. These buses and lines connect either to RAM or ROM -- generally both. In our sample microprocessor, we have an address bus 8 bits wide and a data bus 8 bits wide. That means that the microprocessor can address (28) 256 bytes of memory, and it can read or write 8 bits of the memory at a time. Let's assume that this simple microprocessor has 128 bytes of ROM starting at address 0 and 128 bytes of RAM starting at address 128.
RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with today's RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM. 
ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes. The address bus tells the ROM chip which byte to get and place on the data bus. When the RD line changes state, the ROM chip presents the selected byte onto the data bus. 

By the way, nearly all computers contain some amount of ROM (it is possible to create a simple computer that contains no RAM -- many microcontrollers do this by placing a handful of RAM bytes on the processor chip itself -- but generally impossible to create one that contains no ROM). On a PC, the ROM is called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS. The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine, and then it goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot sector (see How Hard Disks Work for details). This boot sector is another small program, and the BIOS stores it in RAM after reading it off the disk. The microprocessor then begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM. The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else from the hard disk into RAM, which the microprocessor then executes, and so on. This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire operating system. 

For further information visit   http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor2.htm

TECHNICALLY SPEAKING:

Stroll down memory lane -- After DOS
The best and worst Windows versions ever   Posted by Ed Bott for ZDNet March 16, 2007

In the Talkback section to my post on Vista’s slow start, commenter Arm A. Geddon does something I’ve been meaning to do for a while, which is to rate the various versions of Windows through the years and try to decide which ones were hits and which were misses. You can read his comments here for context.
I’ve been writing about Windows pretty much full-time since the very early 1990s, so I have vivid memories of every version, some fond, some not so much.
This sort of exercise is fraught with intellectual land mines. For one thing, any opinion is going to be influenced by one’s personal preferences, experience, and technical competence. More importantly, any such rating has to be placed in historical context. Windows NT 4.0 was excellent in its day, but I can’t imagine trying to use it today to get any work done. And finally, I’m going to factor in improvement over time, conceding that any initial release might have performance, stability, and compatibility issues but that the real test is how quickly and thoroughly those issues are dealt with.
OK, with that out of the way … All ratings are on a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being best.

Windows 3.x: 8+
It was miraculous in its day. After years of using DOS and a variety of clunky task-switching programs like DesqView I was thrilled to have a GUI and a real memory manager. From a tinkerer’s point of view it was pure gold (Brian Livingston’s original Windows 3.1 Secrets was roughly 1200 pages.) Windows for Workgroups 3.11 introduced TCP/IP support, and even included a network card (I think I still have the little Microsoft-logo’ed screwdriver that came with it). With Norton Desktop for Windows or PC Tools, you could have a shell that foreshadowed the full-blown GUI of Windows 95.

Windows NT 3.x: 3
It’s difficult to read the system requirements for the first NT versions today and then remember how expensive memory upgrades were. At PC Computing, we had NT on a system or two in the labs. Everyone thought it was cool and represented the future, but the lack of compatible software and hardware meant we couldn’t use it to get the job done day in and day out on the hardware we used.

Windows 95: 5
The potential was awesome. It was 32 bits! (Well, sort of.) DOS was dead! (Uh, kinda.) The reality was frustrating. Living through the evolution of Plug and Play was no fun, and the perennial problem of 64K system resource heaps meant that it had to be rebooted way more often than it should have. Two service releases got rid of some problems, and a steady stream of 32–bit applications made for fun. But if you ever had to install a network adapter or sound card you could kiss your weekend goodbye.

Windows NT 4.0: 8
Ah, a solid kernel and the Windows 95 shell. This one was my preferred computing environment on the desktop from the day it was released in August 1996, exactly one year after the Windows 95 launch.

Windows 98: 6+
This was what Windows 95 should have been, and the Second Edition was better still. NT was still a better choice for work, but I could use Windows 98 at home and install it on my Dad’s PC and be reasonably confident it would work. Most 16–bit programs had ridden off into the sunset by this time (although there were noteworthy exceptions like Quicken 98, which was still available in 16– and 32–bit versions).

Windows Me: 1
The worst Windows version ever, and doomed from the start. It was announced as the end of its line, it had to contend with Y2K fears, and it was buggier than a Fourth of July picnic on a Mississippi riverboat. The only feature that saved it from a zero is System Restore, which worked often enough to be useful if not dependable.

Windows 2000: 9
For its time, it was nearly perfect, and when businesses had to upgrade their hardware or be pitched into Y2K hell, it was the ideal choice. Tons of application support and good solid drivers. It’s no wonder some businesses still stick with it seven years later.

Windows XP: 6/8
Why two ratings? One for businesses, one for consumers. If you were running Windows 2000 already, you might have looked at the interface (“Fisher-Price” was the most common description) and said, “Huh?” But for consumers who were used to the crashes and mysterious lockups that were par for the course with the 16/32–bit hybrid 95/98/Me line, well … it was a giant leap forward in stability and reliability.

Windows XP Service Pack 2: 8+
As Jim Allchin told Mary Jo Foley, this could easily have been a separate Windows release instead of just a service pack. Microsoft really underestimated the security challenges that it would confront with Windows XP, and the improvements in SP2 really did make a difference. For businesses, it offers much better administrative tools and deployment options than Windows 2000. And after a few years the interface wasn’t so bad after all (and if you really hated it you could make it look just like Windows 2000).

Windows Vista: 5/8
I was tempted to punt and put in a question mark, because this sort of rating won’t really be valid until two or three more years pass. But in two years of beta-testing I think I’ve seen enough to make some preliminary judgments. The 5 is for businesses, the 8 is for enthusiasts. Vista is a solid platform with plenty of rough edges (UAC, anyone?) and its ecosystem needs another few months at least to catch up with it. At this point in its development its much like Windows 95 in its early days. Businesses are wise to take their time. Digital media enthusiasts have a lot to love. And if Microsoft is smart they’ll release a feature-rich update – not just a service pack - every fall.


 
 
 
Vista Icons   A Vista Tip from Worldstart.
Okay, I have one more Windows Vista tip for you this week! I couldn't resist putting this one in the newsletter, because I have a feeling it's something you new Vista users have been struggling with for awhile now. So, what am I going to talk about today? Well, as you might have guessed from the title, it's going to be all about the Vista icons.

Ever since you upgraded to Vista, you've probably noticed that the icons on your desktop are a little bigger than the earlier versions of Windows ever had. You've probably noticed that the text that comes along with those icons is larger as well. Or, who knows, maybe neither of them are big enough to meet your preferences. So, how can you change them? Allow me to fill you in on a little Vista secret!

First, right click on your desktop and go to View. Once the pull over menu appears, you'll see the first three choices of Large, Medium and Classic Icons. Your icons right now are probably set on Medium, so if you want to make them smaller or larger, choose either Larger or Classic. Just click on your choice and the icons will automatically change for you. Now, I will tell you that the Larger choice makes the icons very big and they will take up most of your desktop space, but if that's how you like it, go for it. The Classic choice will make your icons the size they were in XP. So, the choice is yours, but at least you now know how to modify them when you're looking for a change!


 
 
 
Social Bookmarking     This is an excerpt penned by Bob Rankin in the most recent Tourbus Newsletter.
"What is social bookmarking, and how is it different from a regular bookmark or favorite in my browser?"

Everyone knows that a bookmark is a handy way to remember a favorite web page so you don't have to waste time searching for it again in the vastness of cyberspace. Social bookmarking takes this concept to the next level, enabling Internet users to share their bookmarks with each other in a collaborative fashion. Most often this involves social bookmarking websites where users can create accounts and add their favorite bookmarks, along with keyword tags that help to organize the data and make it easy for others to search.

You can think of social bookmarking as a tool to identify the coolest or most useful sites in a particular category, or a way to discover new resources. One person shares a bookmark, and the larger community makes a thumbs-up or thumbs-down decision. The cream rises to the top in a democratic manner, while the knowledge and horizons of many are expanded. The "folksonomy" created in the process makes the overwhelming amount of Web-based information increasingly easier to search and navigate over time.

Another benefit of keeping your bookmarks on the Web is that you can access them from any computer, with any browser. If you're concerned about privacy, you can also make a bookmark private, so it's only viewable by you.
Popular Social Bookmarking Sites

There are many websites which cater to the needs of social bookmarkers. One of the most popular is del.icio.ushttp://del.icio.us/, where you can search by keyword for sites that rank highest with other del.icio.us users, or view the Popular or Recent pages to see what's hot and trendy. It seems that many of the most popular tags on del.icio.us (design, blog, software, programming, webdesign, linux, javascript) tend towards the techie crowd, but you'll also find less geeky topics like video, photography, shopping, travel, education, games and food in abundance. Visit the Guide to Discovering Bookmarks  http://del.icio.us/help/discovering  for a quick tutorial on using del.icio.us effectively.

Digg http://www.digg.com/ is another social bookmarking hotspot, focused on technology and science. Digg users submit links to articles and websites, along with a brief commentary. Others can comment on the article and click a button to indicate they they "digg it" too. Links are promoted to Digg's front page through a user-based ranking system. Interestingly, even the user comments are subject to the voting and vetting process. Registered Digg users can rate comments left by others, which helps to eliminate spammy or offensive entries.

In a similar vein, Reddithttp://reddit.com/  is a source for new and interesting online content. But unlike Digg, where front-page stories can rapidly appear and descend into oblivion, Reddit's front page is an evolving list of the most popular links, based on up or down voting by members of the community. Reddit is also less tech-focused and offers a system that recommends links to you, based on input from users with similar voting patterns.

Other sites such as Furlhttp://www.furl.com/ , StumbleUponhttp://www.stumbleupon.com/  and Slashdot http://slashdot.org/  are noteworthy in the social bookmarking arena, each with their own unique approach.
Pros and Cons of Social Bookmarking

Like any technology, social bookmarking has its share of advantages and shortcomings. Because the Internet is a rapidly expanding source of information, it requires some form of organization to make sure that useful and relevant information is easily discoverable. The big advantage of social bookmarking is that allows individuals to reap and store the fruit of their own research, while enriching the knowledge and experience of others through sharing of bookmarks. This turns the entire online community into a willing army of researchers, creating a semantic web in which the relationships between objects are machine readable. This is important because it helps computers to arrange, search for and present information more efficiently.

Because tag-based systems have no standard set of keywords they can be subject to errors or ambiguity. Mistagging due to spelling errors, the use of tags that have multiple meanings, and the lack of hierarchical relationships between tags are problems that must be addressed for the long-term success of social bookmarking as a way of organizing the Web.

Social bookmarking is also susceptible to corruption that may be introduced by users with an axe to grind, or a product to promote. Spammers sometimes try to bookmark a page many times, or tag it with popular but irrelevant tags, hoping to fool viewers and influence their search engine rankings. 


 
 
Another neat and tidy email tip from Worldstart.
One of my friends who sends me e-mails all the time always has a pretty light blue color as her e-mail background. It looks so nice and I was wondering if you could tell me how I could do that for mine as well. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

That's an excellent question! I mean, who wouldn't want to spruce up their e-mails every once in awhile? Whether you're just sending a fun e-mail off to one of your friends or if you're sending out an e-mail invitation, it's nice to know you have some different options when it comes to how those e-mails will look before you send them off. And the best way to dress up your e-mails is to simply add a little color!
A colored background is a little less extravagant than a personal wallpaper design or even a stationery piece, but it still gives off a nice new feel to the e-mail message. I personally love changing up my e-mail background colors, depending on who I'm sending the e-mail to. My friends and family always compliment me on my choices as well. While some recipients don't like to receive e-mails that are too "busy," others do. And as long as you still make it easy to read, it's just something fun to play around with.
So, by now, I bet you're anxious to know how you can make this happen for your own e-mails. Am I right? Well, that is what this tip is all about, so we might as well get started. I'm going to show you how you can change your e-mail backgrounds for these different e-mail programs: Outlook Express, Yahoo!, Hotmail, Gmail, AOL and Thunderbird. Hopefully, the client you use is in there somewhere and you can start to do this as soon as possible!

Outlook Express -- First up is OE. Go ahead and click on the Create Mail button, just like you would to compose a brand new e-mail message. From there, go to the Format menu and then click on Background. Next, choose Color and leave your mouse on it for a little bit. A new drop down menu will appear where you can choose which color you'd like to use for your background. There aren't a whole lot of choices in OE, but there are some pretty ones and I'm sure you can find something that will do. Just click on the color you want and the background in your new e-mail message will automatically fill with the new color.
You can then go up to the "A" letter and choose a color for your text. Make sure you choose something that will jive well with your background color. Otherwise, your recipient won't be able to read what you write. Once you've chosen your colors, you can type out your e-mail message, add your recipient's e-mail address and then send it off. Yes!

Yahoo! -- Now, Yahoo! does this whole background color thing a little differently, but it will still give off the same effect. Click on the Compose button to start a new message. From there, go down to your toolbar. You'll see all kinds of different things there like the bold, italics and underline buttons, for example. You'll also see one that looks like a highlighter and it has a yellow line underneath it. Click on that to choose your background color, but keep in mind that it will work more like a highlighter, instead of filling your complete background. Next, click on the "T" button and choose your text color. Again, make sure your two colors will look okay together. Then, just start typing your e-mail message. Your background color will highlight your text color to make your background look uniform. Once you're done typing, insert your recipient's e-mail address and then send it away!

Hotmail -- For Hotmail, click on New Message and wait for the new window to come up. Once there, go down to your toolbar and look for the little icon of a paint bucket with paint spilling out of it. It will have a yellow line underneath it as well. Click on that and choose your background color. There's tons of colors to choose from in this one! When you're done with that, go over one icon and click on the "A" letter and choose your text color. You can then type your message and send the e-mail off.

Gmail -- Once you log in to your Gmail account, click on the Compose Mail link. Find the toolbar and look for the two "T" letters. The first one is for your text color and the second is for the background color. Gmail works a lot like Yahoo! though, because it also does the whole highlighting thing. Choose both of your colors and then just start typing. Again, the color you chose for your background will just highlight the color you chose for your text and it will look like a complete background color when you're finished. Yes, there will be some white area in the e-mail where you don't type, but the rest of the e-mail will look super cool. When you're done, push the Send button and off it will go!

AOL -- Go ahead and get into your AOL e-mail area. Click on Mail Options and choose Write, in order to compose a new message. You should then see two "A" buttons in the toolbar. One is for the text and the other is for the background. Click on the first one for your text color and then the second one to choose your background color. AOL also works as a highlighter, so nothing will come up until you start typing. Again, make sure you choose two colors that will accent each other so your recipient will be able to read it. Type your e-mail message and then send it off. That's all it takes!

Thunderbird -- And last, but not least, there's Mozilla Thunderbird. Once you open Thunderbird, click on Write to start a new message. In the toolbar, you will see two squares overlapping each other. One will probably be black and one will be white. The bottom one is your background color. Click on it to choose the color you'd like to use. The top one is for the text color. Click on it and choose an appropriate color. Once you've made your selections, type your message and send it away.
So, as you can see, changing your e-mail background color is a very simple process, no matter which e-mail program you use. If you take the time to do this, your recipients will have something new to look at besides all the same old boring black and white colors that most e-mails have. Again, it's not as far out as a wallpaper or stationery piece, but it does a good job of giving your e-mails a more upbeat feel. You gotta love that!


 
 
 
What's changed from Windows XP?

After you upgrade to Windows Vista and begin to explore, you might wonder where some of your old favorite features are, and how to perform the tasks you used to do in Windows XP. We've improved many features in Windows Vista and renamed a few programs to better reflect what they do. We’ve also moved some things around so they’ll be easier for you to use and find.

If you’re accustomed to Windows XP, this article will help make the transition to Windows Vista even easier for you.

Applies to all editions of Windows Vista.
In this article
    * What's new on the Start menu?
    * What are the new ways to search?
    * How do I use the new Control Panel?
    * What happened to "My" folders?
    * Where have the menus gone?
    * Which programs have changed?
    * Where can I find more information?
http://windowshelp.microsoft.com/Windows/en-US/help/93929171-8e24-1e6a-cf68-b48eb22073611033.mspx

 
 
Another excellent Worldstart tip -- this one about email.
What are the 25 most common mistakes we all make in accordance to e-mail security?

Okay, I must confess. No one wrote in and asked me that question, but I thought it was so important to cover, I had to get it in here somehow. Now, I know that 25 is a rather large number, but don't worry. I'm not going to go over all of them in one day. We'll do 12 of them today and the other 13 for tomorrow. So, make sure you stay tuned, because all 25 of them are very important to know! Alright, what do you say we get started?!

1.) Only Using One E-mail Account - We here at WorldStart have actually told you this before. It's very important that you familiarize yourself with more than one e-mail program. You can't think of your e-mail address like your home address. You need to have more than one! In all actuality, it's best to have even up to three open e-mail accounts. That way, you can have one for your home e-mails, one for your office e-mails and an extra one for all the other things you do online. For example, always use your third account to sign up for newsletters, contests, etc. It's also best to have maybe one paid e-mail account and the other two can be one of the free ones that are available today, such as Yahoo!, Hotmail or Gmail. With more than one account, you are saving yourself in the long run.

2.) Keeping the Spam Around - Have you ever had an e-mail account that just got spammed out? You know, pretty much all you ever received from that account was spam. So, after awhile, you probably got tired of it, but instead of switching to another e-mail client, you just started to accept it. Well, I'm here to tell you not to do that anymore! When one of your accounts gets spammed out, just get rid of it and start fresh. I know it's easy to get attached to an e-mail program, because you're familiar with it, etc., but it's not healthy to keep all that spam around. It's only going to get worse, so my advice is to get rid of it while you're still somewhat ahead.

3.) Forgot to Close the Browser - Do you ever check your e-mail from another location apart from your home computer? You know, like the library or even maybe a cyber café. Well, when you do that, you have to make sure you log out of your e-mail account when you're finished. Along with that, be sure that you always close down the browser window as well. If you don't do this, your username may remain on the screen and it will really put you on target for some security risks.

4.) Forgot to Clear It - Here's another important tip if you're using another computer outside of your home. Always make sure you clear the browser cache, the history and your passwords. Most Web browsers will hold onto that information and even though it's trying to save you time, it's a hazard if you're using a public computer. You never know who could get on that computer after you. Here are some quick instructions on how to do all of that, so you won't ever have to worry about it.
In Internet Explorer, go to Tools, Internet Options and click on all three buttons that say, "Clear History," "Delete Cookies" and "Delete Files." In Firefox, you can simply use the keyboard combination of Ctrl + Shift + Del in the open browser window. Doing that will keep you much safer!

5.) Using Insecure Accounts - This one has a little more to do with larger corporations, but you never know when it could affect you. Often times, corporation employees are careless and they use their personal e-mail accounts for business purposes. If this happens, they are at risk of sending out sensitive information that could really hurt the company. Doing this could put their job at risk as well. Always use your personal account for personal items and leave everything else out.

6.) Forgot to Use the Telephone - We all know how convenient e-mail is, but in some cases, it's not always the best option. If you're going to be e-mailing something very sensitive or private, you might want to consider just picking up the telephone and doing it that way. In these types of cases, using the telephone is a much safer option to use than e-mail. It may take a few more minutes to do, but if it's possible, just call.

7.) Forgot to Use the BCC - We've told you about the BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) feature before in the newsletter, but I'm willing to guess that some of you still don't use it. This works the best when you're e-mailing multiple people. If you insert the e-mail addresses onto the BCC line, the recipients won't be able to see any of the other e-mail addresses you're sending the e-mail to. Now, don't get this confused with the CC option either. BCC is really the way to go to keep everyone's addresses safe and secure.

8.) Used the Reply All Button - Do you ever get confused as to whether you should hit the Reply or Reply All buttons when you're replying to an e-mail message? If you click on Reply All, your reply will go to each and every e-mail address that the original message was sent to. Yes, it will go to the person you intended as well, but if you're sending them a personal message, you don't want everyone else to be able to see it. Always use Reply first. It's a safer shot.

9.) Forwarding Spam - Did you know that forwarding e-mails can bring on a new batch of spam mail? Well, if you didn't know before, you know now. If you aren't careful, forwarding e-mails can pose a big security threat for you and the earlier recipients of the e-mail. When you forward an e-mail, make sure you delete all of the previous addresses first. This way, the person you forward the message to won't be able to see the addresses of who all already got it. If you keep all the e-mail addresses on there, spammers can quickly grab up that entire list and just go to town. Everyone will get spammed, including you. And I know you don't want that to happen!

10.) Forgot to Back It Up - Again, we here at WorldStart are always telling you to back up the data on your computer. Well, e-mails are no exception. If you've got important e-mails on your computer that you're going to want to hang on to for awhile, don't forget to back them up frequently. These types of e-mails could be anything from legal contracts to financial information or even personal information you want to keep. Either way, run a backup on them and you won't ever have to worry about losing them for good. Read here for some tips on getting the backup process done easily.

11.) Mobile Access - Do you ever access your e-mail through a mobile device, such as your cell phone or a Blackberry? With today's technology, you can check your e-mail from just about anywhere, but is it really safe? They are safe, but you have to remember a couple of things if you're using this method. Sometimes, the software on your mobile device will not keep the e-mails you check on the server for very long. Therefore, certain e-mails will not be on your home or office computer later on when you need them. So, if you delete them from the device, they will be deleted from your Inbox as well. Check the default settings on your mobile device to make sure they are set to keep the e-mails around for as long as you need them. This is very important, especially for urgent e-mails.

12.) It's Gone For Good - Yes, we've all done it. We've sent embarrassing e-mails to our friends or we received very inappropriate e-mails from other senders. When those come in, what do you do? Probably delete them right away, right? Well, when you delete them, are they gone for good? The answer is no. Just because you delete an e-mail from your Inbox or even your Deleted folder, the e-mails are not gone forever. They usually remain on your server until something else takes its place. Even then, they sometimes stay in backup folders and other remote servers for years. If this happens, spammers can get ahold of them and you know what happens after that. So, when you're sending e-mails, think about what you're writing in them. It may come back to haunt you later on.

13.) Believing Scam Titles - We've all received them before. You know, the e-mails that tell us we've won the lottery or that someone wants to send us a bunch of money or maybe even one that told us we won an iPod or a laptop. No matter which way they come through, they are all junk! Don't ever fall for one of these scams, because I'm here to tell you that they're just not true. They never were and they never will be. The best thing to do is just delete them from your Inbox as quickly as possible. Otherwise, you'll fall into the trap and you'll be the one to lose out in the end. Please trust me on this one!

14.) Falling for the Phish - This is another one that we've all probably fallen for before. Even the most experienced e-mail user probably opens up a phishing e-mail from time to time. Whether it's on purpose or by accident, those e-mails are tempting, but it's important to see those e-mails for what they really are. Phishers send out these types of fraud e-mails in an attempt to trick you into giving out some of your personal information, etc. This could be anything from your passwords to your bank account information, etc.
Phishing e-mails can come in several different forms as well. Usually, the phishers will steal the logo from a well known company and pass it off for the real thing. Some of the most popular ones are PayPal and different banks. The e-mail will then ask you to click on a link to verify some information and once you do that, you're done. They will have all of your personal information and you will have a hard time getting things back to normal. So, just be cautious with every e-mail you open. Don't give your personal details out to anyone. Keeping to yourself in the e-mail world is just the best way to stay safe.

15.) Sending Personal Information - You may have done this before in an e-mail conversation with one of your friends or family members. And while it may seem safe to do that with those people, it's still not a good idea to send those kinds of details through e-mail. This holds true for any personal information, such as your address, phone number, social security number or any of your usernames and passwords, as well as, any financial information. Also, you should always avoid writing your bank via e-mail. You never know when those e-mails will end up in the wrong hands. It's best to leave your personal information to a face to face form of contact, instead of through your e-mail program.

16.) Unsubscribing to Nothing - Do you ever receive a newsletter in your e-mail that you never even signed up for? Well, if you have, they are more than likely coming from a spammer. That's one of the oldest spam tricks in the book. They send you fake newsletters and then provide you with a link that will allow you to unsubscribe if you'd like. If you ever get something like that, don't ever click on that Unsubscribe button. If you do, you may end up with a whole new load of spam mail the next day. The best thing to do is just block the e-mail address that the newsletters are coming from. That way, you won't have to deal with them in your e-mail anymore and you will also save yourself from a lot of spam or even a virus.

17.) Trusting Your Friends - Okay, I'm not telling you to not trust your friends, but I am telling you to not always trust the e-mails you get from them. When you get an e-mail from a friend, you probably instantly throw all of your caution instincts out the window. You figure the e-mail is safe to open since it has your friend's e-mail address right there in front of you. Well, unfortunately, that may not always be the case. Hackers are able to retrieve the information they need to send out e-mails that look like they're coming from a legit source. If you open an e-mail like this, you may be at risk for a virus or even just a lot of malware. If you get an e-mail from a friend where the subject line seems a little fishy, don't open it. Scan all of your incoming e-mails very carefully and only open those that you know for sure are safe.

18.) Not Blocking the Spam - When you get spam in your e-mail, do you delete it or do you actually add the address it came from to your blacklist? Well, the best thing to do is add it to your list. If you just delete the spam mail, it will still come back time and time again. But, if you add the e-mail address to your blocked senders list, you will save yourself from receiving any e-mails from that address again. Now, a lot of the spam e-mails that circulate around do not come from the same users, but a lot of it does. So, if you hit that Block button each time you get a new piece of spam, you will be putting a stop to a lot of the spam you receive.

19.) Disabling the Filter - If you're just starting out with a new e-mail account, you may not give a lot of value to the spam filter each e-mail client provides. Yes, it can be a little frustrating when the filter blocks an e-mail that should have gone through to your Inbox, but in the end, it's really doing you a favor. This is especially true for older e-mail accounts that have had the chance to accumulate a lot of spam mail. The best thing to do is whitelist all of your friends and family members. That way, those e-mail addresses won't get caught up in the spam filter and you'll be able to read all of the wanted e-mail you get, while the unwanted stuff stays where it belongs. In the trash!

20.) Not Scanning Attachments - Do you receive a lot of attachments with the e-mails you get? If so, did you know that attachments are very likely to carry viruses? If you didn't know, you do now and it's time you do something about it. It's very important that you scan all attachments before you open them. A lot of e-mail clients have a built in scanner and they will take care of it as your e-mail comes in. If that's the case, you won't even have to worry about your attachments, because they will have already been checked for you. If your e-mail doesn't have a scanner, you may want to think about switching e-mail clients. Either do that or you may have to pay for a scanner of your own. (Just FYI, most free e-mail programs have the scanner option, including Yahoo! and Gmail). So, it may be worth opening up a free account, don't you think? After all, it is your computer's safety!

21.) Sharing Your Information - Have you ever been in a jam and you needed to check your e-mail right away? It's happened to all of us at one time or another, but when it happens to you, what do you do? Do you call up your closest friend or a co-worker and ask them to check it for you? If so, that's a big no no! Of course, you probably call someone you trust, but either way, once you give out that password, your e-mail account is no longer as safe as it was. This is especially true if the person checking your e-mail doesn't use the same security measures as you. If they're checking it on another computer, you know it's probably not as safe as yours. Also, if you happen to write down your account information, make sure it is destroyed after it's used. You don't want just anyone finding it and accessing your information. But, the best thing to do is just keep it all to yourself. You can check your e-mail at your earliest convenience. It's not going to be the end of the world!

22.) Using the Wrong Passwords - What type of password do you have for your e-mail account? Hopefully it's not your name or some other easy to guess word. If you use a simple password, hackers will be able to crack it in a matter of seconds. Once they do, you know what happens. Yep, you will start to get piles and piles of spam e-mail. So, if you're trying to think of a good password to use or if you need to change yours after reading this tip, follow these suggestions. A good, strong password should have at least eight characters and it should be as meaningless to you as possible. It's also a good idea to use both small and capital letters when typing it out. If you do all of that, hackers will have a hard time figuring out your password and that means less spam!

23.) Forgetting to Encrypt - Do you encrypt your e-mails? If not, you should seriously think about starting to do so. If you do this, it will make it extremely hard for anyone who may be watching your computer to understand what you're saying. This will then make it difficult for them to get any of your information, etc. If you don't already have an encryption program installed on your computer, you may want to check out PGP. It is one of the most popular e-mail encryption programs. Now, it may not be completely realistic to encrypt every single one of your e-mails, but it's smart to at least do it for any that contain sensitive information. Remember, it's for your own security!

24.) Not Encrypting Your Wireless - This one goes along with number 23, but it has to do with encrypting your wireless Internet connection. Above, I told you to encrypt your e-mail messages, but if you start with your wireless connection, you won't even have to worry about hackers getting into your e-mail account in the first place. It only takes a few minutes to encrypt your wireless, so it's definitely worth the time. The most common encryption standard for wireless is WPA2 and you can find information about getting that done by doing a search for it with your favorite search engine.

25.) Not Using Digital Signatures - We're almost done now! If you didn't know, you can now use digital signatures at the end of your e-mails. Digital signatures will help to prove where certain e-mails come from and who they're sent by. They also make it a lot harder for anyone to modify your signature and change all of your information around. It's very important to use this type of signature when sending out sensitive e-mails. It will keep both you and the receiver as safe as possible. You can find information about getting your own digital signature by searching for the term with any search engine.

So, there you have it. The 25 most common e-mail mistakes. We've all done them and if we haven't, we probably will. In today's world, it's hard not to make some safety mistakes when dealing with your e-mail, but at least you now know some things you can do to combat any insecurity. I hope this tip will help to keep all of you just a little bit safer in the e-mail world!


 
 
Vista Timesaver #5 — give Vista the axe?  By Woody Leonhard  and posted in a recent Windows Secrets Newsletter.

High-profile Vista defections and avoidance maneuvers in the past few weeks beg a key question: Is the best way to save time with Vista to avoid it completely?
Some big names who are dissing Vista make many people wonder if they should do the same.
Vista is losing more and more supporters.
It's getting harder and harder to find Vista patriots. The "Vista right or wrong" crowd seems to have faded into the woodwork. Two big-name defectors in the past few weeks have a lot of people wondering what Redmond hath wrought.

First, Computerworld editor Scot Finnie declared http://www.scotsnewsletter.com/88.htm  that he was dumping Windows on his main machine and moving over to Mac OS X. Scot's a seasoned, knowledgeable Windows veteran — he's been writing about Windows for more than a decade. I got to know and respect Scot when he wrote a thick Windows book for a series I edited years ago. Scot's always been open to new options, and he's dabbled with Linux and the Mac over the years. I think it's fair to say that he has more varied operating-system savvy (at least from a user's point of view) than anybody else I know. After a three-month trial using OS X to get his everyday work done, Scot says he won't go back to Windows.

Scot published a well-reasoned article for ComputerWorld entitled "The Trouble with Vista." http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9009961  While I disagree with some of his observations (and his second example is factually incorrect, based on Brian Livingston's recent Vista activation delay discoveries published in the Feb. 15 issue of the Windows Secrets Newsletter)  http://windowssecrets.com/comp/070215#story1, Scot's bottom line speaks volumes: "When all is said and done, it's not that I don't like Vista. It's that I've lost faith in Microsoft to deal in an evenhanded way with end users and corporate buyers of its software."

Scot's dalliance in Steve Jobs' Garden of Eden didn't take me by surprise. But Chris Pirillo's YouTube video announcement that he was "upgrading" from Vista Ultimate back to Windows XP knocked me for a loop.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HELrxLdP85c   Yes, you read that right. Chris believes that tossing out the new Vista and going back to the old XP constitutes an upgrade. If you look at his video, it's hard to dispute his conclusion.

You may know Chris better in his Lockergnome guise   http://www.lockergnome.com/nexus/lockergnome/, as one of the pillars of the online community. Chris isn't an operating system guru like Scot. Chris more closely resembles an average, everyday über-geek genius with a pile of work to tackle, and little sympathy for things that get in the way.

Watch the video to see why he's ticked off at Vista drivers that don't work and aging software that doesn't live harmoniously in the Vista world. "Vista doesn't work the way that I would want it to work. I can't live in Vista if the software that I use in my life for productivity does not work," he says.

Chris's solution? Dump Vista on his main computer. Go back to Windows XP.

Even the DOT just says 'no'

Hot on the heels of Chris's rebuke came an InformationWeek article claiming that Daniel Mintz, the top technology guy at the U.S. Department of Transportation, has slapped "an indefinite moratorium" on DOT upgrades to Windows Vista, Office 2007, and Internet Explorer 7. Apparently a similar ban is in effect at the Federal Aviation Administration.

I can certainly understand why Daniel's not so crazy about Office 2007: I've been struggling with the %$#@! ribbons for six months, and I still hate them. If it weren't for Outlook 2007's marginally better interface and junk-mail improvements, I'd be sorely tempted to move back to Office 2003. Or even Office 2000.

Daniel missed the boat on IE 7, though. With IE 6 springing security holes like farts in a chili-eating contest, everybody needs to install IE 7. The trick is to get everyone to install IE 7, but use Firefox. Ah, well. I digress.

No sense in waiting for Service Pack 1

Various and sundry experts continue to spout the mantra: "Wait for Windows Vista Service Pack 1  http://windowssecrets.com/paid/070208/#woody0." That used to be good advice. I'd offer almost every major Microsoft product since Office XP as prime evidence.

But I don't think it makes much sense now. In my experience, Windows Vista, per se, has been mighty stable and works the way Microsoft intended.

This is not to say that Vista's perfect. Sometimes it's embarrassing — I talked about the search engine spewing gazillions of matches for junk mail in my Vista Timesaver #3 column, for example. Sometimes it's a pain in the neck (don't even get me started on User Account Control)  http://www.askwoody.com/newscomments.php?newsid=960 . Most of the time it takes more effort than I'm willing to give. (Like I don't have anything better to do than add tags to all of my photos so Photo Gallery can find them?) Windows Genuine Advantage still screws up, as ZDNet's Ed Bott describes.  http://blogs.zdnet.com/Bott/?p=221   And the list goes on and on.

But the core part of the program, at least in my experience, works very well indeed. Consider the fact that there have only been a handful of substantive patches since Vista launched, and none of them appear to be critical security issues.

I think that's called "damning with faint praise."

The problems with Vista won't be solved by Service Pack 1 (which is due late this year). Rather, it appears to me that the driver and program compatibility woes will gradually shake themselves out over the next few months. Or, maybe not. Many programs, including Office 2000 and Office XP, will never run correctly on Vista, as I've written on my blog. http://www.askwoody.com/newscomments.php?newsid=944 Get over it. Or work around it. But don't expect SP 1 to bail you out.

Should you make the switch to Vista?

If you've seen a Vista feature or two that you can't live without, you have a reasonably modern computer with a hefty video card, and you exhibit a high tolerance for pain, then upgrading from Windows XP to Vista makes sense.

You might get burned by bad drivers and crucial but incompatible old software. So hedge your bets and keep good backups in case you need to reinstall Windows XP. (Making a full "ghost" image using Fred Langa's favorite, BootItNG, which he described in the Feb. 22 newsletter, http://www.windowssecrets.com/comp/070222#langa0  can save your tail.) Don't forget to download and use Microsoft's beta incarnation of the fabulous AlohaBob  http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=39f724eb-4e37-4be0-adfc-786786e73e50&DisplayLang=en  file transfer program.

Most people can safely give Vista a pass and wait until it comes preinstalled on the next computer they purchase. When that day does come, make sure you get Vista Home Premium (or Ultimate if you really want the few extra goodies). Vista Home Basic, which is missing even Microsoft's Aero display improvements, isn't worth the effort.

If you get a new computer with Vista preinstalled, and it won't run your important old software, send it back! Get a refund. Moan and kvetch and swear. Then go out and buy a used, hopelessly déclassé, XP box at a firesale price. Bet it'll work just fine for a couple of years.

Oh. A word to the wise. Don't throw away your old XP PC just yet. Save it to use as a Windows Home Server. http://blogs.technet.com/homeserver/
 

The Windows Secrets Newsletter is published weekly on the 1st through 4th Thursdays of each month, plus occasional news updates. Vacation breaks occur in late August, Thanksgiving Week, and Christmas/New Year's.

Editorial Director: Brian Livingston. Editor: Fred Langa. Contributing Editors: Susan Bradley, Scott Dunn, Mark Edwards, Woody Leonhard, Chris Mosby, Ryan Russell. Research Director: Vickie Stevens. Program Director: Brent Scheffler. Managing Editor: Jody Braverman.

Subscribe to Windows Secrets at: https://windowssecrets.com/info/

 
 
Apple megapatch plugs 45 security holes   By Joris Evers, CNET News   Published on ZDNet News: March 13, 2007

Apple on Tuesday issued a security update for its Mac OS X to plug 45 security holes, including several zero-day vulnerabilities.

The megapatch is the seventh Apple security patch release in three months. It deals with vulnerabilities in Apple's own software, as well as third-party components such as Adobe Systems' Flash Player, OpenSSH and MySQL. Sixteen of the vulnerabilities addressed by the update were previously released as part of two high-profile bug-hunting campaigns.

The vulnerabilities pose varying risks to Macs. Several of the flaws could be exploited to gain full control over a Mac running the vulnerable component, according to Apple's advisory. Other holes are limited and could only be exploited to crash a Mac or used by somebody who already has access to a machine to elevate privileges, for example.

One focus of the patch is to fix eight vulnerabilities in the way Mac OS X handles disk images, files that when opened appear as a drive within the Macintosh Finder. Mounting a malicious image may lead to an error and could provide a means for an attacker to breach a Mac, Apple said.

Tuesday's update deals with nine vulnerabilities released as part of the Month of Apple Bugs in January and seven bugs disclosed in the Month of Kernel Bugs in November. In earlier fix releases, Apple fixed several flaws identified during the projects.

While several of the vulnerabilities repaired by Apple's updates were previously known, it doesn't appear that any attacks that exploited the flaws actually occurred.

In addition to the Mac OS X patch, Apple issued a second update on Tuesday to fix a security bug in iPhoto that could expose Mac users to a serious attack. An attacker could craft a malicious "photocast" which, when opened, could compromise a Mac, Apple said in its alert. The Photocasts feature allows people to share pictures in iPhoto.

Tuesday's two releases bring Apple's total patch count for the year to seven. Microsoft, meanwhile, on Tuesday skipped its monthly patch day. However, it released a dozen security bulletins with fixes for 20 vulnerabilities in February and four bulletins with fixes for 10 bugs in January.

The Apple patch can be downloaded and installed via the Software Update feature in Mac OS X, or from Apple Downloads.


 
 
 
VIRUS AND OTHER STINKY STUFF:
Russian Criminals Targeting U.S. 401ks and Online Traders  March 20, 2007 5:00 AM
Len Tepper and Asa Eslocker Report:

Cybercriminal rings in Russia and Eastern Europe have stolen tens of millions of dollars by breaking into and looting U.S. 401k and online stock trading accounts, FBI and SEC officials tell ABC News.

"You could wake up one morning and find all your money in your retirement account or in your trading account is gone," said John Reed Stark, Chief of Internet Enforcement at the Securities and Exchange Commission.

In addition to the Russian rings, authorities have also seen hackers in India, Hong Kong and Malaysia going after similar online accounts.

The criminals either cash out the stocks and wire the money to their own account or sell off the stock holdings to buy shares in worthless stock they control, an Internet version of the classic "pump and dump" scheme.

In many cases, American victims have had their user IDs and passwords stolen when they use computers at hotel business centers and other Internet connection points.

The FBI says the criminals secretly bug the computers with programs to record every key typed.

"So that when you access your financial account, you are in fact giving the bad guy your account name, your password, your account number and essentially the keys to the kingdom," explained Shawn Henry, Deputy Director of the FBI's Cybercrimes Division.

Victims have included customers of E-trade, Scott Trade, Ameritrade, Fidelity, Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab and Vanguard.

As part of an ABCNews.com investigation, a Russian speaking ABC News intern logged on to a Moscow-based hackers forum and was offered the user IDs and passwords of six U.S. trading accounts for a cost of $350.

The six accounts had almost $100,000 in value.

The online criminal even offered ABC News a free sample, the user ID and password of an Ameritrade account owned by a man in Fremont, Calif.  When contacted, the California man confirmed it was his account and agreed to quickly change his password.

The FBI's Henry offered the following advice to avoid becoming a victim of such Internet theft:
l. Always use a trusted computer when conducting financial transactions.
2. Going into a hotel or an airport or an Internet cafe, assume you may be at risk.
3. Closely scrutinize reports from your online trading firm to make sure the reported trades are ones you authorized.
4. Frequently change your password and when traveling, consider using a special program that will change your password every 10 seconds. 
5. Make sure your own computer has anti-virus protection.


 
 
THE TALLY:
Friday, March 16 -- Thursday, March 22
According to Sophos, a leader in Anti Virus Software development, 42 new/improved viruses, which required Anti Virus upgrades, were released into cyberspace via email. 
&
KCnet's anti virus program caught and "defanged" 8,288 email viruses in addition to sending 282,429 non spam and non virus messages and refusing 471,702 spam messages. 

Sophos notes that virus season is year round.  Many of these buggers constantly replicate themselves on infected computers, sending themselves to every email address in that computer each time the user reboots.  Each one sent and not blocked by a service provider or personal antivirus program can replicate itself and send to every email address in the new host's computer, and on and on and on.


 
 
 
Have you updated your anti virus program lately? 
If not, may I recommend that you do it now?

 
**************************************************************************************************
Free Virus Scans
Best done with The Internet Explorer Browser.
Computer Associates, a reputable and reliable anti virus developer introduced a new free program  which allows anyone to do a virus scan without downloading any software or registering for an anti virus program.  You must use Internet Explorer for access to Computer Associates and to perform the scan.  This is a good one and very simple to operate  The address is http://www3.ca.com/securityadvisor/virusinfo/scan.aspx

Trend Micro, more commonly referred to as Housecall, offers free virus scans and in most cases can fix damage down by a virus or worm that your computer may have contacted. The program works well.  The first time one uses the free program it is necessary to download a small program. Trend Micro walks you through the process.   Then the virus scans are quite simple for each return.  Go to http://housecall.antivirus.com/  then choose the link   "Scan without registering".  Follow the directions.

You should disable any anti virus program that you have running.  If you do not have a virus program I recommend that you use one of the programs offered above first and then download and install one of the free programs listed below or install any anti virus program you have purchased.
**************************************************************************************************
Free Anti Virus programs for download. 
Quite a few KCnet members use these programs and like them.
Be careful if you download a virus program and you already have one installed on your computer.  You need to at least disable the program already installed.

AVG Free
AVG Free Edition is the well-known anti-virus protection tool. AVG Free is available free-of-charge to home users for the life of the product! Rapid virus database updates are available for the lifetime of the product, thereby providing the high-level of detection capability that millions of users around the world trust to protect their computers. AVG Free is easy-to-use and will not slow your system down (low system resource requirements).
http://free.grisoft.com/freeweb.php/doc/2/lng/us/tpl/v5

Avast
Avast has been "anti virusing" for quite awhile.  The following info comes from their download page:   Avast! Home is now free of charge for HOME users for NON-COMMERCIAL use. You can find more info here.
http://www.avast.com/eng/down_home.html
Note: This product is free for home non-commercial use after registration!
HINTS:   Click on the English Version Link and download the installation file.  Then click on the installation file and follow the directions.  You will need to return to the download page and click on the link to get the registration key.   It will be sent to you in an email after you provide some registration information.  This will give you 14 months of coverage including any updates which can be set to auto download.  You can reregister for additional free coverage at the end of the 14 months.
You will want to browse around and choose from the many options available for operation.  This process will take some time and digging.

Another good free program is:
http://www.free-av.com/
This one installs a bit easier than Avast.

**************************************************************************************************
Free Spybot and Adware programs for download.

Get ewido anti-spyware Free
ewido anti-spyware Free is a free anti-spyware protection tool developed by GRISOFT for home use. We invite you to join the millions of satisfied customers worldwide who have downloaded the software and now enjoy the benefits of ewido anti-spyware Free.
What you get with ewido anti-spyware Free
Easy to use
Daily database updates
Heuristics to detect unknown threats
Automatic Cleaning Engine
And most of all ... great customer satisfaction!
http://free.grisoft.com/freeweb.php/doc/20/lng/us/tpl/v5

Windows Defender (Beta 2) is a free program that helps protect your computer against pop-ups, slow performance, and security threats caused by spyware and other unwanted software. It features Real-Time Protection, a monitoring system that recommends actions against spyware when it's detected, and a new streamlined interface that minimizes interruptions and helps you stay productive.
http://www.microsoft.com/athome/security/spyware/software/default.mspx

Spybot - Search & Destroy 1.4 - product description
Application to scan for spyware, adware, hijackers and other malicious software.
Choose one of the sites to download from.
http://www.safer-networking.org/en/mirrors/index.html

Ad-Aware Personal provides advanced protection from known data-mining, aggressive advertising, Trojans, dialers, malware, browser hijackers, and tracking components. This software is downloadable free of charge.
http://www.lavasoftusa.com/software/adaware/
 


True Viruses and Warning Letters of Impending Doom.
Believe it or not, the amount of harm done by sending false computer virus alarms and letters of impending doom to your thousand closest friends can be just as damaging as the alleged virus (if it even exists!);  if you remember the story of the boy who cried wolf, you understand why.
If you think you've got the scoop on the latest new devastating virus or latest doom warning, check it out at the Web sites below before taking it on yourself to alert the world.  If the virus is as terrible as you think it is, odds are the virus fighters already know about it and -- good news here!  -- your anti virus software provider probably knows about it too and already has an update for it.
Sophos supplies this current information about actual hoaxes.  Look at them. Read about them.  If you are sent one of them, delete it.


INTERESTING SITES:

Hummingbirds
This is an incredible site devoted to hummingbirds. Not only can you find out information on all the different species of hummingbirds (with pictures, I might add), you can learn how to attract and feed hummingbirds too!
I also really loved the fact that they made the Help/FAQ section very easy to find. You’ll notice it is mentioned in the second paragraph of the introduction, as well as, is vividly displayed in the pink text box with the blinking Click Here under the navigation strip. So, if you have questions, it will be easy to find an answer.
Beneath that pink text box with the blinking Click Here, you will find the search field. This will allow you to search the site. Beneath that in the Check It Out box, you’ll find some popular links to things around the site as well.
Now, onto the navigation strip. The sections are: Answers, Species, Science, Community and Home. If you scroll over each topic, a drop down menu will show up with the categories for that particular section.
Answers – Here, in the Answers section, you will find the following categories: About Hummingbirds, Attracting Hummingbirds, Hummingbird Feeders and FAQs.

About Hummingbirds will answer a lot of the questions you have. This is a great area to look for answers about these amazing birds. Next up is Attracting Hummingbirds. Here you can learn what you need to do to attract these birds to your feeder, as well as, what you can plant to make a hummingbird garden. Hummingbird Feeders is a section that not only talks about the feeders that you can choose from, but also, what to feed them. You can even get the recipe for the sugar water solution to put in the feeder.

Species – The drop down menu under this section offers you direct access to the different species of hummingbirds by name. It also has a section that provides species listed by state/province. If you click the Species tab, it takes you to an introduction page that also has all the species listed at the top for easy navigation.
Science – Here you will find Migration Maps and Research, along with the Bibliography for the research. To get a full idea of how the maps work, you should go back to the 2006 one, as the birds have not migrated north yet this year. On the 2007 map, in orange, you can see the birds' breeding range. In the Research section, you can learn a couple of ways to research these birds, as well as, check out how the author of the site has researched them in the past.
Community – This section is filled to the brim with interesting things. The drop down menu provides you access to Events, Gallery, Photo Album, Resources, Reviews, Organizations, Hummer Notes and Anecdotes. Be sure to check out the many photographs here, because they are really amazing. I couldn’t believe how vibrant these birds are.
Home – Well, this of course, returns you to the main page.
http://www.hummingbirds.net/index.html

 
 
 

What are meal times like around your house? Are they well planned, or do you just pull something together at the last minute?

If you identify with the latter, it is time to start planning. That way, you can be sure you’ll meet your nutritional requirements.

Meals Matter has thousands of easy recipes. Some are quick. Others only require a single pot or limited ingredients. And they include information on calories, fat and fiber, which I like.

In addition to great recipes, you’ll find meal-planning and nutrition tools. And be sure to read the Functional Foods section. It’s enlightening!
http://www.mealsmatter.org/index.aspx


 
 
 
This is an excerpt from a special feature in the most recent Tourbus Newsletter.

Trustworthy Online Medical Websites 
WebMD is one of the leading medical reference websites. The website contains thousands of articles on diseases and how to stay healthy. You can go through a mini-test to check out if that sore throat is really just a sore throat, or if it could be something worse. The test is divided for men and women, to give a more accurate diagnosis.
http://www.webmd.com/

The Mayo Clinic website uses a similar symptom checker to help you diagnosis your medical problem, along with additional information about drugs and supplements. The website contains an "Ask the Specialist" section, where you can ask different doctors whether that mole on your arm is something serious and if it should be looked at by a doctor.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/

The CDC is globally recognized for efforts to prevent and control infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, workplace hazards, disabilities, and environmental health threats. An agency of the US government, the Centers for Disease Control strives to apply research and findings to improve people’s daily lives and responds to health emergencies.
http://www.cdc.gov/

MedLine Plus is a service of the US National Library of Medicine, and will direct you to information to help answer health questions. MedlinePlus brings together authoritative information from NLM, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.
http://medlineplus.gov/

HealthAtoZ.com is another website filled with medical suggestions, tips and advice. Use it as a resource to check on when you want a second source for your research.
https://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/clients/haz/general/custom/default.jsp

The RX List website offers current prescription information, including a list of side effects for many drugs.
Why Finding Medical Advice Online Is Great
http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/hp.asp

Why Finding Medical Advice Online Is Great
The websites with medical advice that you visit could give you valuable information and may help you decide what questions to ask when you visit your doctor. By researching the information, you can better describe your symptoms to your doctor. This may lead to an open conversation about the possibilities and optional treatment methods.

For example, many medical symptoms sound alike. By educating yourself before you go to the doctor, so you can discuss the best method for diagnosis. Mono and strep throat have similar symptoms; scratchy throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. It would be easier to check for strep throat, which only takes a throat culture by using a cotton swab, instead of checking for mono, which usually means drawing blood. Knowing this, you and your doctor could create a plan, opting for the least painful and less costly procedure first before taking the next step up.

What To Look For
Look for websites where registered doctors are the key source of information. Places like WebMD and HealthAtoZ have specific doctors who approve all of the content, assuring that you get the most accurate information.

While medical advice websites are helpful for finding answers, they do not replace a professional doctor's diagnosis. Do not begin your own medical treatment without talking to your doctor. Misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment could lead to serious problems. Use online medical advice websites as a resource, not as a replacement for professional medical advice.

The feature continues with good info about Alternative Medicine, Support Groups and Online Drug Stores.
http://askbobrankin.com/medical_advice_online.html


 
 
 
What's changed from Windows XP?
After you upgrade to Windows Vista and begin to explore, you might wonder where some of your old favorite features are, and how to perform the tasks you used to do in Windows XP. We've improved many features in Windows Vista and renamed a few programs to better reflect what they do. We’ve also moved some things around so they’ll be easier for you to use and find.

If you’re accustomed to Windows XP, this article will help make the transition to Windows Vista even easier for you.

Applies to all editions of Windows Vista.
In this article
    * What's new on the Start menu?
    * What are the new ways to search?
    * How do I use the new Control Panel?
    * What happened to "My" folders?
    * Where have the menus gone?
    * Which programs have changed?
    * Where can I find more information?
http://windowshelp.microsoft.com/Windows/en-US/help/93929171-8e24-1e6a-cf68-b48eb22073611033.mspx

 
 
 
Leonardo da Vinci’s Illustrations  This one from Amanda.

I’ve brought you sites about Leonardo da Vinci before. Some of them have even included his illustrations. So, you might be asking, what’s different this time? Well, on this site, the illustrations are animated.

There’s an introduction to the animations. You will find it just above the thumbnails. To view the animations, click a thumbnail. The animations available are: Vitruvian Man, Human Figures in Motion, The Heart, Warfare, Geometrical Solids, Centrally-Planned Church, Anatomy of a Bird’s Wing, Rays of Light and Summary.

Each animation has a description that goes with it, describing both what is in the animation and the theory behind it. Pretty cool, huh?! To view these animations, you will need a Flash Player and you can get one here for free!

Another cool part of this site that I want to mention is, on the side menu, you’ll see a category called Canal Challenge. It is a really cool game where you try to build a canal against the clock.

To register to play it, you just need to fill in your e-mail address, name and agree to the terms and conditions. Then, just click Play. It is very challenging (or maybe I’m just terrible at it!) Either way, it is a lot of fun. After watching the animations, I must have played the game for an hour.

Are you ready to explore Leonardo’s illustrations, now that they are animated? Check it out!

http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1384_leonardo/animated_illustrations/


 
 
 
Cost of Living Wizard  This is another site from Amanda.
From time to time, I find a really great calculator that I just have to share. The Cost of Living Wizard is one such calculator. What’s better than being cool? Well, being easy to use, of course!

All you need to know is your total income for the year, the state and city you live in and the state and city you work in, along with a state/city to compare the cost of living to.

I wanted to know how much the cost of living was in Toledo, Ohio compared to my hometown of Lorain, Ohio. I put in my salary, chose my state and city for the first two fields and then chose Ohio and Lorain for the last two fields. When you're finished putting in your information, click Calculate.

My wizard then calculated and told me that employers pay -1.0 less in Lorain and the cost of living is +5.7 higher in Lorain. The higher cost of living surprised me, since I now live in a bigger city.

You can also find out if employers in your new town will pay you as much to do the same job. Underneath the calculations, there are two more fields. You can find out if you’re worth your salary in the new city, as well as, how much people get paid to do your job there.

This is a handy tool if you’re planning to move to a new job market or if you just moved to a new state. It will let you know how expensive it will be to live there and even the minimum you’d need to make to continue your current living costs.

Very, very useful. Check it out!

http://swz.salary.com/CostOfLivingW.../coll_start.asp

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